Essay on Plastic Surgery In South Korea - 1362 Words

The South Korean’s seeming fascination with cosmetic surgery is frequently reported on both in Asia and the West, largely for its recounted abnormal use rate by both women and men. Though there is a deficiency in dependable data regarding the amounts of individuals who select to endure cosmetic surgery in South Korea, the statistics are substantial. The estimations range from 15 to 30 percent of all South Koreans have endured some method of plastic surgery, the statistics pertaining to certain age groups of females being characteristically greater (Kim, 2010). This is obviously a huge social issue, and one that eludes simplistic explanations, and perplexes academics and policy makers in Korea. What is emerging from this research is that†¦show more content†¦In conventional depictions of feminineness in the Korean cultural illusory, the females fate is to writhe in that she should be recognized within the civilization and society of males, while men are allowed to be m embers automatically. In this perspective, cosmetic surgery is purely comprehended as a modern expression of women’s obedience to this reason, in which females have to control their figures and be ready to suffer corporeal agony in order to develop into the perfect women. An alternative, yet frequently mentioned impetus for plastic surgery is the assertion that Korean women merely wish to imitate Western aesthetic standards (Savage, 2011). This reason classically comes from research into supposed ‘ethnic’ plastic surgery, which normally depicts minority ethnic people in Western countries as being subjected to hegemonic racism, outlining plastic surgery as an effort to escape persevering cultural prejudgment that compares their typecast inherited corporeal qualities. This research emphasizes double-eyelid surgeries, nose re-shaping and skin lightening, for example, as indication of an effort to be closer to a ‘white’ standard and, thus, evade discrimination. It is argued that a crucial issue regardingShow MoreRelatedSouth Korea And Plastic Surgery2001 Words   |  9 PagesSouth Korea and Plastic Surgery The people of South Korea have a strong connection to plastic surgery which is evident by its usage among both women and men. According to a statistics website called nationmaster.com about 20% of the Korean population have had some kind work done on them. It is estimated that women between the ages of 20 and 50 years old underwent the knife for some reason, be it eyelid surgery or a nose job. While the act of cosmetic surgery mainly occurs in women, it has estimatedRead MoreThe Effects Of Plastic Surgery On South Korea786 Words   |  4 Pages3.2 Plastic Surgery Other industries like dancing school (Figure 8), fashioning boutiques and Spa (Figure 9), wedding photography (Figure 10) and plastic surgery (Figure 11) have also boosted by the Korean wave. Among these industries, the plastic surgery is particularly prominent. Figure 8: Dancing School in South Korea Figure 9: Fashioning Boutiques in South Korea Figure 10: Wedding Photography in Korean Style Figure 11: Korean Plastic Surgery As the Korean wave becomingRead MoreThe Effects Of Plastic Surgery On South Korea1487 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Kingdom of Plastic† is a fitting name for South Korea where one out of five women have admitted to having some sort of cosmetic surgery procedure. Most Asian countries, including South Korea, have very specific criterias for judging if a person is beautiful. Common beauty expectations for both males and females are high noses, big eyes, and narrow chins. Due to the nature of an Asian bone structure, it is highly unlikely that the previously mentioned beauty standards will occur naturally withinRead MoreBuying The Ideal Face Of South Korea1203 Words   |  5 Pageswomen in the world, South Korea is also a country widely known for its excessive execution of plastic surgery procedures. According to Zara Stone, based on data from a 2010 Survey by the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons, she addresses that one out of every five women of all age groups i n South Korea undergoes some sort of surgery procedure, making South Korea the leading country of plastic surgery (2). 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Plastic surgery was once a major taboo in Korea, where those who have gotten it done would be looked down upon on by family and friends, but now the pursuit of perfection has made cosmetic surgery much more popular and open to the public. About one in five women in Korea would have some kind of plastic surgery done, and many neighborhoods and subway stations are lined with advertisements and billboards to promoteRead MoreWeight Loss Essay1206 Words   |  5 PagesWe live in a consumer culture where products and services such as diet pills, slimming creams, weight loss products that tone fat without exercise, liposuction and cosmetic surgery, are just a few of the popular methods that are promoted by advertisers to help people in achieving their ideal body image. Advertisements draw attention to a host of ideologies, by offering products and services that attract consumers who oblige their bodies, minds and souls to achieving the ideal appearance of beautyRead MorePop And Korean Pop Music Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesMusic, is a South Korean phenomenon that is starting to spread globally thanks to the internet. K-pop has become a popular subculture among teenagers and young adults throughout Asia, and has resulted in widespread sim ulation of fashion and style to be similar to Korean idol groups and singers. With this phenomenon comes something called the K-pop effect, which has led to new standards of beauty in South Korea. There is a rise in popularity of plastic surgery amongst, the youth in South Korea and it looksRead MoreSouth Korea Is Well Known As The Country With The Highest1500 Words   |  6 PagesSouth Korea is well known as the country with the highest plastic surgery rates in the world. This is due to their high beauty standards that have led many women and men to let their faces be put under knives. The society in Korea is very infatuated with what is considered beautiful and satisfying to see in a person. The first impression is considered very important and by impression meaning the appearance of a person. Such as a job interview, the employers tend to look at the person’s face and inRead MoreThe Impact Of Hallyu On Korean Plastic Surgery Industry1601 Words   |  7 Pagespopularity o f â€Å"all things Korean† beyond the border of Korea (Lie 2012), especially to Asian countries and even non-Asian countries such as North and South American, Middle East and Europe. The â€Å"all things Korean† are inclusive of soap opera (also known as television drama), film, music, fashion, cuisine and other elements. However, there are some widespread cultures have sparked controversial debates, noticeably the issues bound to plastic surgery. Nevertheless, in this essay, I am not going to debate

De-globalization and Globalization. Who is the winner Free Essays

Introduction If people look back the development of the world economy over the past decades. Manifestly, the world economy is in the time of prosperity and increasingly perfected, thanks to a notion ‘globalization’, which could be seem as one of the important contributors to promote economic prosperity. The birth of globalization was extremely changed the world economy structure, since it carried out an integrated world-wide market, both developing and developed countries could gain benefits from global integration, such as accelerating economic growth and sharing the overseas markets and plentiful resources, respectively. We will write a custom essay sample on De-globalization and Globalization. Who is the winner? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some economists even pointed out that globalization has became an inexorable and irreversible trend of world market development. However, the belief of economic globalization was overturned again after the economic crisis in 2008. Specifically, in the process of globalization, there would be some inevitable problems and conflicts, which were criticized constantly over the past decades. With these criticisms, a new term, ‘de-globalization’, has stepped into the global market, apparently, some of the primary developed countries begin to reject trade liberalization, combining with the rising of protectionism. Undoubtedly, the reversed ideology took the global economic market into an embarrassing situation. In so doing, the conception of de-globalization was percolated into some countries quietly. But in fact, the global economic situation has already experienced a downturn during the First Great Depression in 1930s. And now, this is in another period again (Economic and So cial Commission for Western Asia, 2002). By any possibility, the de-globalization seems always followed by each Depression. So it does, in the period of economic recovery nowadays, de-globalization has already permeated everywhere. A Philippine economist, Walden Bello(2004), an adherent of de-globalization, argued that globalization is losing its credits and being in the end, while ‘de-globalization is an opportunity’. Unfortunately, despite the existence of de-globalization, the tendency of economic globalization would not be replaced, because any action would be took by de-globalization cannot continually exist, however, similarly the world economic structure could not get rid of the effect of this wave of de-globalization immediately but soonly. In respect that 80% success in Doha Round of global trade negotiation have more or less impact on Walden Bello’s announcements. Accordingly, it is worthwhile to investigate into the question. Is globalization truly come to the endThe main purpose of this paper is from financiers and economists’ perspective to illustrate de-globalization, which seems as one of outcomes of financial crisis, has side effect on economic recovery, and will not be a last winner in future world economic structure, while globalization definitely is. In this paper, I will outline some possible reasons could give rise to anti-globalization generation, then followed by description and discuss some threats of de-globalization, like protectionism and trade barrier, combining with past examples to prove de-globalization is not the feasible solution of avoiding crisis, it would make crisis worse contrarily. Ultimately, globalization will be back on the economic platform. Finally conclusion will make some suggests that the financial globalization requires more nationals could make efforts on minimize dangers and maximize the benefits., as well as a few prediction for the future global economy structure. Globalization provides both opportunity and challenge, but it follows with the generation of de-globalization The definition of globalization can be briefly describe like a process of movement of goods, capital, labour across world-wild ( Bardhan, Bowles Wallerstein, 2006). The benefits of globalization are overwhelming. For example, when countries open up, a variety of products would be exchanged frequently between rich and poor. This requires both participators should obey the fundamental principle of mutual complementarily and reciprocity, such as one country could offer comparative advantage to the other, in order to come the same target of common development. Additionally, some restrictions will be released, such as abrogating high tariff and limited foreign investment. These preferential policies help to expand economic markets and offer plenty of trade opportunities. In a sense, Foreign direct investment (FDI) is deemed to one important indication of economicglobalization performance and it refers to finance assistance for developing countries, so as the article ‘Economic and S ocial Commission for Western Asia’ in 2002 pointed out the global FDI inflow was increased from US$59 billion in 1982 to US$1491.9 billion in 2000. These figures illustrated the integration of the world economy experience rapid increase in 1990s. A higher FDI index means a nice condition of integrating into global economy. Whereas, the course of globalization is unstable. The global FDI inflow suddenly slumped more than 50 percent in 2001, accounts for 735.1 billion. This may implies that in the process of global economic growth, there would carry certain risks and threats for the reasons of economic turndown. In some extent, globalization has possibility of increase inequality and poverty (IMF Staff, 2000). More apparently, there is common acknowledgment that the developed countries hold comparative advantages of economy, such as technology and management skills, while they are advanced so far than developing countries. Undoubtedly the maximum profit will belongs to the former, and the later may not gain benefits in the short run, even suffer enormous damage and clash. Besides, competition may be the primary principle, more and more wealth would flow into the winner instead of the loser. Inequality and poverty, nevertheless, do not tell the whole story. The current world-wide economy is remaining in global economy structure. The growth of economic globalization is processed in challenges and opportunities. Even as Chow mentioned in 2001, in the year of China joined WTO, some investigators were worried about that, is it a positive impact on China’s economic development or a disaster for domestic enterprisesAs the matter of fact, China has obtained excellent achievement in economic improvement over these years. Globalization provides China large amounts of opportunity to export manufacture goods, and it also brings fearful harm, i.e. China is one of the biggest victims in the financial crisis (Hillebrand, 2009). Perhaps just because of these challenges and opportunities existence, the idea of de-globalization would come out. As Bello said that the world is in the end of globalization in 2009, while in the next year the chief Pascal Lamy said ‘Finishing Doh a round by 2011 is technically doable’ ( Tralac, 2010), which illustrated the goal of decreasing trade barrier and trade protectionism has finished about 80 percent, the remaining 20 percent needs a lot efforts on political wishes. In a certain extent, the progress of Doha round negotiation takes a great strike to the spread of de-globalization. The arising of de-globalization is not by chance, it might be a consequence by financial crisis. There is no doubt that the current world economy is growing fast, and the economic globalization has been obviously reached in a high level, while the potential risks are still existed. Even though crisis is not just result of globalization, there is a certain relationship between globalization and crisis (Lobaton et al 2001), i.e. Financial volatility and crisis will be infected by countries liberalized their financial systems. For instance, the financial crisis in 2008 was caused by American sub-prime loans. once sub-prime loans were collapsed, the crisis spread immediately to all over the world. That was lead to most countries were suffering inflation, unemployment even bankruptcy in the period of economic downturn. To confront with the serious recession, from small companies to international economic organizations carried out flexible measures, whereas some developed countries put pro tectionism and trade barrier forward on economic platform. So far, this has mostly promoted de-globalization raising. The global economy structure ups and downs, but it does not mean the end of globalization The global economy structure has experienced a downturn 70 years ago, and nowadays other downturn reoccurred after financial crisis. And this stage, protectionism as the main outcome of de-globalization. Protectionism will not beneficial to economic recovery, on the contrary, it could make the matter worse, while free trade would be a better choice. As a result of financial crisis, some developed countries are motivated for the sake of keeping survival of domestic industries, they persisted in carrying out protectionism. One of the typical examples is United States, in Jan 2009, American claimed ‘American Recovery and Reinvestment Act’, abbreviated ARRA provision or ‘Buy American’ provision (Keffer, 2009), which intended to simulate the American economy by ‘Stimulus Bill’ to support American jobs and domestic industries. In despite of this provision was criticize by many critics, American still keep the foreign products away from them. But is it a really an advisable actThe ‘Stimulus Bill’ is only for supporting iron and steel industries, however if being observe deeply of ‘Buy American’, which means all products relate to iron and steel industries, from raw material to finished product, should be made, produced, packaged in the United Stated only. But in particular, the difficulties in this procedure make suspicions about the feasibility of this provision. Even Keffer, the president of EBAA Iron Sales, was come out the words that, the act of ‘Buy American’ provision is far reaching (2009). Additionally, the implementation of the rescue plan is still in animadversion. Though the clause’s target is to stimulate American economy by creating jobs for Americans, in fact it seems to reverse. Because it can be argue that the disadvantages of ‘Buy American’ provision are likely overwhelmed by its advantages. Imaging that, there is a good chance for world economy could accelerate recovery, if governments are willing to persist in liberalizing the domestic financial sector cross countries capital movement, with making a concerted effort, the world economy will not be worse in the period of financial crisis. Since these contradictory debates were quickly increased, Some scholars have to reconsider the feasible of this provision, When United States sent a protectionism massage to the world and held in opposition to the leitmotiv of G-20, as well as WTO and Doha Round Negotiation. A bad impression might be set up by other nations. A literature was done by Hufdauer and Schott in 2009, pointed out ‘buy American is bad for America (and everyone else)’. In more specific terms, as the act was run counter to the world trade common goal, it could break U.S trade obligation and national reputation. More surprisingly, economic stimulus bills have little assistance on U.S. jobs, because both iron and steel industry are capital intensive, which may have less demand on labour force supply, It could be suppose that the reinvestment on iron and steel would make 1,000 new jobs, which is a small proportion, alternatively, if expand the plan to stimulate all manufactured goods, the most gain is 9,000 jobs. Apparently, U.S. iron and steel industry would end up with more costs than gains. With the growing up spearhead of protectionism, a terrible consequence was embroiled in worldwide. from the aspect of economics, more and more economists are worried about that, United States, as a powerful developed country, was act protectionism rampantly, these would cause other countries are imitative of American’s tail. Imaging that if the other countries are imitating of practicing protectionism universally, the world economy situation, especially for global trade system, will in confusion and ultimately intensify the negative impact of financial crisis as well as deteriorate world economy environment. Since the clause arose a mass of discontentment by worldwide opponents, the supporters have brought forward some altisonant phrases, like ‘the purpose is to make sure we are creating jobs in the United States and not in China’ (Horsley, 2009), and ‘US taxpayer money should go to US workers’ (Hufbauer,et al 2009), at the same time, Europeans began to increase its pressure on US and went against of ‘Buy American’ clause. They stressed that the act not only aggravated protectionism but also induce retaliatory moves (BBC News, 2009). The more serious is that, American went ahead and did this could provoke spiteful retaliate on trade, which could be followed by the possibility of the relationship between trade partner break up, consequently, the danger may be the eruption of trade war. As a matter of fact, terrible calamities can be traced back in history. Normally, they are catastrophic and temporary. For instance, regarding the great depression in 1930, the U.S. government legislated the Smoot-Hawley Act, which was aim to protect U.S. companies from foreign contention. Nevertheless this decision was completely deviated from the original purpose, according to the congressman Wally Herger (2010), the Smoot-Hawley Act was the ‘signature failure of 20th century protectionism’. Specifically, the tariffs, was increased a highest level in history recording, on more than 2,000 import products, and it became the highest tariff barrier over the world, then war of trade was broke out. In consequence, other counties took retaliatory tariffs on trade to United States, this could resulting in its import and export underwent a big loss, accounted for more than 50 percent, as well as world trade was slumped dramatically. Thus with the increase of protectionism would not the feasible solution of stimulating the economy recovery, instead it brings a lot of harm and pushes United States slumped deeper into great depression. So it can be seen that, the disadvantages of protectionism outweigh its gains. Furthermore, the failure of globalization is a temporary phenomenon not permanent. These can be validated by the past lessons. For example, the tensional relations on trade between India and China have lasted for a long time, unfortunately the economic downturn heightens the tensions dramatically. (Wonacott, 2009). On Jan. 23 2009 India government carried out a ban on import of toys from China for 6 months (Srivaslave, 2009). During the period of implementing this restriction, the inventories from China import toys were sold out less than in one month, this give rise to toy’s price in India market went up by around 30 percent to 100 percent. In this case, India has no choice to compromise with protectionism soon. Actually, the 6 months ban was only lasting for 39 days. While it is still need to admit that, whether ‘Smoot-Hawley’ or ‘India-China toys ban’, after all they are measures to meet an emergency, perhaps protectionism proceeds from nationalism by governments who are in suffer of great depression, so it seems that these kinds of rescue policies can be understood. Rescue policies might not have much impact on economic recovery but could help to comfort morale of their own communities in some extent. Once countries are hurting by huge unemployment, they must do something even if the ending will much severer than before. Whereas, through testify the failure of protectionism, to learn lessons of that, de-globalization would not the ending, a better global structure will be estimated later. Conclusion The financial globalization would retrogress into meltdown is seem as a necessity consequence of history process, the same as globalization, de-globalization is not the exception. Global economic integration has underwent vicissitudes over last decades, it reached in such high level at the beginning of 21 century, because it has the feature of quickly infection, financial markets become deeper and more advanced. One of the benefits of financial globalization is the preeminent contribution on developing countries commerce. Specially for China gained big advantage over export manufactured goods, however the prosperous phenomenon enable risks were invaded in market. Although financial globalization encourages economic prosperity, the potential risks and challenges also give rise to chance of appearance of financial crisis. Consequently, a shock of new round de-globalization was accompanied by the harm of economic depression. Thereby, globalization may have certain responsibility on the depression. So it does, any form of de-globalization activities are existed by the name of protectionisms will not be permanently lasted. The significant defect of de-globalization may be worse off the world economy than financial crisis does, usually these consequences are expressed as damage national reputation and rising of trade war. Hence, as the common wish of people, globalization would not really end, the current global structure is just in a temporary phenomenon, the reverse will be turn back again. Manifestly, all the comments can conclude in a word, ‘financial globalization is not necessarily to be reversed, particularly for partially integrated economies, even if the possibility of that happening still exists’ (Lobaton, et al, 2001). As far as I concerned, the threats of anti-globalization should be read as a harrowing lesson that leans toward protectionism. For those prime ministers of countries, the most useful effort I can make is to suggest that blindly insist on de-globalization cannot really protect their profits from harmful impact of financial crisis. The possible solution is that to reconsider regulatory mechanism on international trade and find out an appropriate new order in the process of globalization, because it is irrational to reject one thing when have problems on it. Financial system globalization is inevitable to avoid. Globalization is the ultimately trend of the world, the same as the earth, is in round, and entirely a whole, so does economic system. We should be smart optimists, in the sensitive downturn period, the global economic bodies are periodic reversal, but the most important is to remember that the global society begin to take into re-globalization soon. Just as Director-General of World Trade Organisation, Pascal Lamy, said that Doha round of trade negotiations is ‘technically doable’, it is still must complete remaining 20 percent by 2011, and it just requires much more efforts on political promise, the agreement will be achieved eventually. The future financial global structure of all countries may not only consider maximise self-interest. But more and more of them will choose to gain common development opportunity in becoming mutually beneficial pattern. Accordingly, keeping both rich and poor countries’ markets open, the growth in one part of the world can help stimulate the recovery over the world. Reference list Bardhan, P. Bowles, S. Wallerstein, M. (2006) Globalization and Egalitarian Redistributionc. Princeton University Press, 326pp. BBC. News ‘EU attacks ‘Buy American’ clause’, BBC News, (3 February 2009). Bello, W. (2004) Globalization: Ideas for a New World Econmy, London: Cox Wyman. Bello, W. (2009) The Virtues of Deglobalization. September 3, 2009. Chow, G. C.(2001) The Impact of Joining WTO on China’s Economic, Legal and Political Institutions. Princeton: Princeton University. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, (2002) ‘Annual Review of Developments in Globalization and Regional Integration in The Countries of The ESCWA Region’ Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, 10Dec. Herger, W. (2010) Soft Protectionism Threatens U.S.Prosperity, [Online], Available: http://herger.house.gov/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=665:soft-protectionism-threatens-us-prosperity-june-2010catid=72 [June 2010] Hillebrand, E. (2009) ‘Deglobalization Scenarios: Who WinsWho Loses?’, International Studies Association Annual Conference, 5 Feb. 2009, pp.15-18. Horsley, S. (2009) Buy-American Stimulus Provison Sparks Debate, [Online], Available: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100212839 [3 Feb.2009] Hufbauer, G.C. and Schott, J.J. (2009) Buy American is bad for America (and everyone else), [Oline], Available: http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/3000 [5 Feb. 2009] IMF Staff, (2000) Globalization: Threat or opportunityApril 12,2000 ( Corrected January 2002) Keffer. J. (2009) ‘An Open Letter from Jim Keffer, President-EBAA Iron Sales’, EBAA IRON- Your connection to the future, 27 March. Lobaton, P.Z. and Schmukler, S.L. (2001) Financial Gloabalization: Opportunities and Challanger for Developing Countries, 30, May.a Srivastava, M. (2009) India-China Trade Tensions Rise, [Online], Available: http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/feb2009/gb20090211_202935.htm [11 Feb. 2009]. Tralac. (2010) Finishing Doha round by 2011’technically doable’- Lamy. [Online], Available: http://www.tralac.org/cgi-bin/giga.cgi?cmd=cause_dir_news_itemnews_id=93271cause_id=1694 [23 Sep. 2010]. The Economists, (2009) ‘Turning their backs on the world’ The Economists, Feb. 19th Wonaott, P. (2009) ‘Downturn Heightens China-India Tension on Trade’, The wall Street Journal, vol. 20, March. How to cite De-globalization and Globalization. Who is the winner?, Essay examples

Manufacturing Service Operations Management -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Manufacturing Service Operations Management? Answer: Introduction: Andy, a well known auditor in the present case due to the personal and professional competencies has failed to bring a considerable customer base for its firm which has two other auditors. In order to secure his position in the firm of auditors, Andy is in search of potential clients to provide auditing and assurance services. For the same purpose, the auditor has responded to the tender of a large company named as Office Supplies Ltd. The company was a supplier of products such as office furniture and technologies and has already appointed an auditor to carry the overall audit of the company. While undertaking any auditing engagement, the engagement member must comply with the fundamental principles of auditor such objectivity, independence, professional competency, professional behaviour and integrity (Whittington Pany, 2010). There principles are necessary to be maintained by the auditor to respect the profession of auditing and to gain the trust of general public in auditing profession. In complying with these basic principles the auditor may have to face various threats such as threat of self-interest (APESB, 2010). Ethical issues: The ethical issues that are involved in the present case are as follows: First of all, while responding to the tenders the auditor must make efforts to communicate with the existing auditor of the proposed company to identify the reasons for which the existing auditor is withdrawing from the audit engagement of the company. Without communicating with the current auditor, the auditor would be held guilty of professional misconduct if he accepts the audit in such case (Rossouw, Prozesky, du Plessis, Prinsloo, 2010). Moreover, charging an unreasonable fees excessively higher than that of the competing auditing firms is also not an ethical practice on part of auditor. The auditor must also not solicit the clients using the modes that are not generally open to the professional auditors. In the current case, the relatives of the auditors i.e. his wife and the sister of his wife are manipulating the employee (Silvya) in the organisation of proposed company to make arrangements for the auditors appointment, which is not as per the ethical standards of the profess ional auditors. Further, the auditor might take the help of Silvya to obtain the appointment as the auditor in OS Ltd. by using unethical ways such as manipulation, bribing, undue influence etc. whereas adoption of such ways is not ethical in any sense. In order to secure the safe partnership in the firm of auditor, Andy might accept certain conditions of the management of the company which are not ethically or professionally acceptable under the professional and ethical standards of auditing profession (Jackling, Cooper, Leung Dellaportas, 2007). The wife of the auditor and her sister are under no obligation to comply with the ethical and professional ethical standards of the auditing profession that are applied to Andy, being the member in practice of institute. Therefore, their acts of interacting with Silvya and demanding the memo of evaluation of managing director of the company are not professionally unethical. However, Silvyas act of communicating the important and sensitive information regarding her managing directors decision is not morally and professionally correct due to the fact that the confidentiality of the company is getting affected through Silvyas actions. It might also be possible that the independence of the firm of auditors will also be affected if the appointment as the auditors of OS Ltd is accepted because the management of the company may offer such appointment on certain conditions (Jackling, Cooper, Leung Dellaportas, 2007). The managing director may instruct the firm not to provide adverse or qualified opinion on the true and fair view of financial statements of the company. Courses of actions: In the present case, the auditor must first of all communicate with the existing auditor with the permission of the proposed company. The auditor must ask the existing auditor to provide all the necessary information and facts which have become the grounds for his resignation from the place of auditor. Further, the auditor must also disclose his relationship with the employees of the company before being appointed as the auditor. The auditor must also ensure that there is no ambiguity or confusion of work responsibilities between the auditor and management of the company. For this purpose, the auditor make proper documentation of everything that is being discussed between the company and auditor. Moreover, the auditor must not charge any unreasonable fees for the provision of auditing services. Also, the auditor must ensure that the only such service that the auditors are competent and eligible to provide, are provided by them to the new client. Furthermore, the auditor must ensure t hat the principle of independence is not adversely affected by such appointment (Hoffman Zimbelman, 2009). The auditor must also not take his family relationships in between his professional engagements. The company can sue the auditor and the assistant of the managing director for indulging in the practices that are not in the interest of the company. Moreover, if the auditor gains the appointment through the inappropriate modes or ways, the company and other person who is affected by his behaviour can sue the auditor for which the regulatory bodies can impose heavy penalties and fines (Brown, Stocks Wilder, 2007). Inventories are the integral part of any business and hence they requires to be properly valued in the financial statements of the company. The undervaluation and overvaluation of inventory can adversely affect the true picture of companys profitability and hence it can be used as a tool to manipulate the profits of the company so as to mislead the users of financial reports. Audit of the company is undertaken with the objective of providing the correct opinion on the truthfulness and fairness of the financial statements. During the auditing engagement, the auditor are required to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidences to provide the reasonable level of assurance to the audit report users. Inventory audit is an important element of overall audit process of the company which requires significant attention of the auditor. Following are some of the key assertions of inventory audit: Key Audit Assertions: Completeness of the inventory records: Auditor of the company carries the audit of the inventory held by the company to ensure that all the inventory units are recognised in its financial statements. Auditor must also check that any portion of inventory if held by the third party, is actually recorded in the entitys books of accounts of the client entity (Quizlet, 2018). Accuracy of inventory data maintained by the company: The data maintained regarding inventory must be accurate enough to serve the auditor a base to draw conclusions for the purpose of forming an audit opinion (DeHoratius Raman, 2008). The auditor must ensure that inventory is correctly recorded in the financial statements and there are no errors in its measurement and valuation (Accounting Simplified, 2013). This is necessary to be ensured by the auditor so as to conclude that financial statements of the company are free from any material misstatements (Karacaer, Gohar, Aygn Sayin, 2009). Valuation of inventory: The inventories must be valued appropriately using the reasonable method of stock valuation so that the financial statements of the company depicts the true state of companys profitability. The auditor must carefully identify the method that is employed by the entitys management and check its reasonability looking at the nature of inventories (Prasad, 2017). Rights and obligations regarding the inventory: Only those inventories must be recorded in entitys stock registers that are owned by the entity. The auditor undertakes the audit procedures to confirm that the financial statements of the company carries only such inventory that is possessed by it. The recording of inventory that is in possession of third party in the companys financial statement would affect the true state of entitys profitability and liquidity position (AS 2510). Existence of inventory with the company: The inventory which is shown in the financial statements of the company must be in actual existence. An auditor performs several audit procedures to ensure that the inventory which is in true existence is only recorded by the entity. They need to ensure that the company is not making false claims of holding any inventory when in reality it does not hold any such inventory (Freedman, 2018). Audit procedures for Inventory Audit Audit procedures to be applied to achieve each of the objective that is above discussed: There can be various audit procedures that can be employed by the auditor of the company to check the appropriateness of the inventory records of the company. One of the most relevant method of inventory audit is the attendance of physical count of the inventory by the auditor himself. The personal observation of approaches used by the management of the company for the inventory count helps the auditor to ensure that the management is using the correct approach to measure and value the inventory and also the condition and quality of inventory. When the inventories of the client company is held in the warehouses or the stores of the company, the auditor must personally visit such places to ensure that the management of the company is not involved in any ill-practices of manipulating its inventory records (Low and Tan, 2011). However, they may be certain circumstances when it is not possible for the auditor to physically attend the inventory counting process due to the location or time factors. Then in such unavoidable situations the auditor must extend the audit procedures as far as possible. In the instant case of audit of GHT Ltd. it was impracticable for the auditor of the company to visit the place of actual inventory taking for the purpose of inventory audit due to the fact that there was limited time to conduct the entire audit engagement. In this situation, there could be various alternative audit procedures that might be performed by the auditor to confirm that the financial statements are not materially misstated typically in the areas of inventory. To form the opinion on the genuineness of the overall financial statements prepared and presented by the management of the company, the auditor is required to critically assess the each of the significant element of the financial statements. Therefore, the audit of inventory must be undertaken by performing the alternative procedures in the cases where it is not possible for the auditor to perform some of the necessary audit procedures. The alternative audit procedures are discussed below: Invoice reconciliation: The auditor must check the corresponding invoices of the transactions of purchase and sale of inventory so as to determine the actual inflow and outflow of inventory from the business of the clients organisation. The invoices helps the auditor to cross verify the inventory records with the evidences of the actual transactions related to inventory. The invoices also helps the auditor to determine the all the necessary elements of cost of purchase and sale of inventory such as freight, taxes and other charges (Office of auditor general of Canada, 2017). Internal controls: The auditor must carefully study the report of internal auditor in regards to the inventory held by the company. Auditor must ensure the continuous functioning of controls and their adequate monitoring by the internal auditor. The management of the company must be regular and competent enough to record and measure the inventory that is held by the company (Corporate Finance Institute, 2018). It is the professional duty of the auditor to ensure that strong internal controls are implemented by the entitys management for the inventory valuation. If during any stage of the audit engagement the auditor realises that the financial statements of the company are materially misstated due to the incorrect inventory records, he must communicate the matter with the company and request them make the required adjustments in the records (Accounting Tools, 2017). Analytical procedures: These are the key substantive audit procedures that improves the overall audit quality. Under these procedures the comparative study of companys current gross margin or the unit cost is compared with that of previous years so as to understand the significant changes also the inventory turnover ratio of the company can also be analysed to identify any irregularities in the inventory areas (Loughran, M., n.d.). Audit sampling: This is also one of the most popular audit procedure under which the auditor carries checking on the selected areas instead of carrying lengthy and comprehensive checking (Lumen, n.d.). The materiality level of the transactions is determined by the auditor and then the transactions that meets the materiality criteria are checked in detail using the above discussed audit procedures (Gay Simnett, 2005). Outcomes of the above audit procedure In the stock sheet provided by the management of GHT Ltd of 15th May, 2018 is examined by the auditors of the company and it is found that there is a vast difference between the value reflected in the financial reports of the company as on 31st March, 2018 and the value determined as per the relevant accounting standards i.e. lower of cost and net realisable value. The significant difference in the closing inventory valuation are identified to be unreasonable is casting the doubt on the authenticity of the financial reports of the company. The companys method of stock valuation is thus found to be inappropriate. Moreover, it is also observed that the data maintained in respect of inventory is not accurate as the sales quantity for certain orders is shown as negative which is not practically possible. This indicates that the internal control procedures in the areas of inventories is quite weak and hence they need to be improved. The undervalued closing inventory of the company may adv ersely affect the profitability of the position of the company. Further it is also observed that the company is dealing in a wide range of items and hence maintaining a mix of various inventory items. However, the company has not maintained the inventory record in the systematic order by categorising the inventories according to their nature and purpose. It has been identified there are certain inventory items that have reported gross loss and therefore they required significant attention of the auditor of the company. The following items have reported loss and hence they are checked with due attention and by performing extensive audit procedure such as analytical audit procedures. Also it is found that there are certain inventory items for which the first in first out method of stock valuation is not correct. There are certain inventory items for which company has executed a sales of more than $25000 which has been set out as the materiality level and hence these sales are critically cross verified with the invoices of the sales to check the genuineness of the sales figure as shown in the financial statements of the company. Further Audit implications: Once all the audit procedures that were practicable to be applied for the inventory are applied, the auditor is in the position to form an audit opinion on the true and fair view of entitys financial statements. The audit procedures enables the auditor to conclude as to whether the financial statements are free from any material misstatements or not, due to any fraud or errors on part of management or any third party. In this case, the auditor has observed that the value of closing stock as reflected in the financial statements is not in line with the value determined as per the generally accepted accounting principles. Therefore, the auditor is obliged to identify the reasons of such differences in the valuation of inventory. The auditor shall assess the reasonability of the method approach used by the management of the entity in valuing its inventory as the year end. The auditor shall communicate the differences in the opinion in valuing the closing stock of the inventory between h im and his client. It is the responsibility of the auditor to make sure that the management agrees to the auditors suggestion and incorporates the same in the financial statements. However, if the client company does not agree with the auditors recommendations, the auditor must make necessary efforts that are required in such situations (Chung Monroe, 2001). They must examine the appropriateness of withdrawing their firms name with their client organisation. However, if is not reasonable to disassociate the name of auditors firm with the name of the company, then auditor must express the audit opinion through the audit report to the readers of report. In this case, since the inventory value is significantly varying from the value as per the GAAP and relevant accounting standards, the auditor shall issue adverse audit opinion. If the difference in the inventory values as per companys method and relevant accounting standards was negligible or acceptable, the auditor could have issued qualified report (Arens, et al., 2007). Conclusion: Even if the management of GHT Ltd is contending that the inventory records of the company contains no material discrepancies, the auditor shall not conclude his audit engagement on the basis of the said contention. Rather the auditor must make necessary and appropriate efforts to identify the reasons of heavy variations between the stock record of 15th May, 2018 and the financial report of the company as on 31s March, 2018. The auditor must apply possible substantive and compliance procedures to check the authenticity of inventory records of the company. If after performing these audit procedures, the auditors does not find any satisfactory reason of such differences, he must qualify the report. References: Accounting Simplified, 2013. Assertions in the Audit of Financial Statements. Available at: https://accounting-simplified.com/audit/introduction/audit-assertions.html Accessed on 31-01-2018. Accounting Tools, 2017. Inventory audit procedures. Available at: https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/2017/5/13/inventory-audit-procedures Accessed on 31-01-2018. APESB, 2010. APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. Available at: https://www.apesb.org.au/uploads/standards/apesb_standards/standard1.pdf Accessed on 31-01-2018. Arens, A.A., Best, P., Shailer, G., Fiedler, B., Elder, R.J. and Beasley, M., 2007.Auditing and assurance services in Australia: an integrated approach. Pearson Education Australia. AS 2510: Auditing Inventories. Available at: https://pcaobus.org/Standards/Auditing/Pages/AS2510.aspx Accessed on 31-01-2018. Brown, P.A., Stocks, M.H. and Wilder, W.M., 2007. Ethical exemplification and the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct: An empirical investigation of auditor and public perceptions.Journal of Business Ethics,71(1), pp.39-71. Chung, J. and Monroe, G.S., 2001. A research note on the effects of gender and task complexity on an audit judgment.Behavioral Research in Accounting,13(1), pp.111-125. Corporate Finance Institute, 2018. What is Inventory Audit? Available at: https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/accounting/inventory-audit/ Accessed on: 01-02-2017. DeHoratius, N. and Raman, A., 2008. Inventory record inaccuracy: an empirical analysis.Management Science,54(4), pp.627-641.4 DeHoratius, N., Mersereau, A.J. and Schrage, L., 2008. Retail inventory management when records are inaccurate.Manufacturing Service Operations Management,10(2), pp.257-277. Freedman, J., 2018. Audit Checklist for Manufacturing. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/audit-checklist-manufacturing-58076.html Accessed on: 01-02-2017. Gay, G.E. and Simnett, R., 2005.Auditing and assurance services in Australia. Mcgraw-hill. Hoffman, V.B. and Zimbelman, M.F., 2009. Do strategic reasoning and brainstorming help auditors change their standard audit procedures in response to fraud risk?.The Accounting Review,84(3), pp.811-837. Jackling, B., Cooper, B.J., Leung, P. and Dellaportas, S., 2007. Professional accounting bodies' perceptions of ethical issues, causes of ethical failure and ethics education.Managerial auditing journal,22(9), pp.928-944. Karacaer, S., Gohar, R., Aygn, M. and Sayin, C., 2009. Effects of personal values on auditors ethical decisions: A comparison of Pakistani and Turkish professional auditors.Journal of Business Ethics,88(1), pp.53-64. Loughran, M., n.d., What to look for when auditing inventory. Available at: https://www.dummies.com/business/accounting/auditing/what-to-look-for-when-auditing-inventory/ Accessed on: 01-02-2017. Louwers, T.J., Ramsay, R.J., Sinason, D.H., Strawser, J.R. and Thibodeau, J.C., 2008. Auditing assurance services. Low, K.Y. and Tan, H.T., 2011. Does time constraint lead to poorer audit performance? Effects of forewarning of impending time constraints and instructions.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,30(4), pp.173-190. Lumen, n.d., Internal Control Issues and Procedures for Inventory. Available at: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/finaccounting/chapter/internal-control-issues-and-procedures-for-inventory/ Accessed on: 01-02-2017. Office of auditor general of Canada, 2017. 1052 Audit procedures for obtaining audit evidence. Available at: https://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/methodology/performance-audit/manual/1052.shtm Prasad, M.V., 2017. Auditors responsibility for inventory. Available at: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-mentor/Auditorrsquos-responsibility-for-inventory/article20056396.ece Accessed on: 01-02-2017. Quizlet, 2018. Audit Inventory - Assertions and Procedures. Available at: https://quizlet.com/21670752/audit-inventory-assertions-and-procedures-flash-cards/ Accessed on 31-01-2018. Rossouw, D., Prozesky, M., du Plessis, C. and Prinsloo, F., 2010. Ethics for Accountants Auditors.OUP Catalogue. Whittington, R. and Pany, K., 2010. Principles of auditing and other assurance services.

Racism In Flags Essays - Vexillology, Flag, Swastika, War Flag

Racism in Flags Racism can be represented in many forms. Flags are on of them. Flags can be used to represent something. Many flags mean different things such as freedom, democracy and respect for something such as a country. However, some flags can been seen as something bad or something that they disprove of, but to another person it can be something they believe in. What I am talking about is racism and how it can be shown in flags. The Confederate flag is a very controversial flag. Some people see it as a flag that represents the United States' History. Other people do not like the flag because it reminds them of the time in the United States history where there was a lot of slavery, violence and hate. The flag was used by the Confederacy when fighting the Yankees in the Civil War. The flag is still used in some of the state flags of the USA. The states that use the confederate flag in their state flag are Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Arkansas, Texas, and Alabama. The flag is used in the Army for ceremonies and for graduation. Some African American officers do not like to use the flag, and argue that it is stands for racism and hate. Other officers say that they use the flag just for the tradition and to keep the history. To some the flag may seem to be just a plain piece of history but to others it can be real painful just to look at because it may have caused some pain to the person personally or to their family in the past. One reason why this flag, to some people, stands for racism is because there are some hate and racist groups that use the confederate flag. Some people just want to ban the confederate flag but other people say that would be going against the first amendment in the United States, which is freedom of speech. Banning the flag may not be bad but its the principal of keeping the flag to show that we can handle this flag by having the right to wave that flag but we can show that we don't need to. I think that just because we can do something does not mean we should do it. In World War II a man named Adolf Hitler introduced a flag that he used to represent a group he made up called Nazis. The flag has a real famous symbol in the middle of it, the symbol is called a swastika, it looks like a cross (mabey he thought of it like a religion) and the ends of the cross were bent in a clockwise direction. The flag probably has the same impact it did then as it does today. When people see the swastika it almost every person will think of Nazis or the World War II and the bad things that happen in the war. The Nazi flag is still used today by hate and racist groups. The swastika used to mean the sun and good luck and many different things to other religions. That shows how something can just change so easily from one meaning to another. The flag now would never be viewed as good unless someone stood for what the swastika stands for. The flag has been shown to other countries as a bad symbol and something they do not want in there country, so the following counties banned the Nazi flag, Germany, Israel, France, and Italy. That may have been a good idea to ban them but again we have the right of freedom of speech but that does not mean we should use that swastika for anything. But then again the swastika changed its meaning so fast mabey we can change it again to something good. The use of hate flags and symbols is still around but another problem is the creation of new flags and symbols. There are also flags that are racist but not many people are familiar with them. There are flags out there people do not know what they stand for or represent. There is one flag with FAP written on it which is used by one of Germanys

Guide to How to Critique a Movie

Guide to How to Critique a Movie Tips on How to Write a Movie Critique Wherever you study at the school, college, or university, you may have to write different sort of papers, for instance academic one, critical essay, response paper, and so on. However, one of the favorite students writing assignments is a critical film review. Although you may choose the film you like and make your writing process much easier, a lot of students still ask how to write a movie critique correctly. Many first-year students and even senior ones are confused with the difference between the critical film review and movie critique. Therefore, the first tip on how to write a movie critique properly is to clarify the difference between a review and critique of a film. It is pretty easy when you realize that a film review is a way to discuss the plot, summarize it, and express your final opinion. Meanwhile, a movie critique paper requires you to conduct a in-depth analysis, draw attention to the characters speech, stylistic devices, settings and backstage, scenes symbolisms and its dynamics, reasons for the applied sound and video effects, etc. If you realize these things and like the chosen film, you will have no questions on how to write a movie critique. Still, if you struggle with your writing, you have two options. The first one is as follows: you can easily order a movie critique paper in one of the reliable writing companies, for example, Star-Writers, which provides you with w ell-written academic papers and essay for a decent price. The second one lies in the fact that you can use the following free and efficient tips on how to critique a movie provided by our highly-professional experts and film critics. Of course, we highly encourage you to write a paper by yourself to challenge and improve your writing and critical thinking skills. These tips will unequivocally help you, so go on reading to know more! Seven Steps in Writing a Movie Critique Few can answer precisely how to critique a movie since there are many various strategies and approaches nowadays. Therefore, we have gathered, analyzed, and summarized the most efficient and effective tips on how to write a movie critique easily and creatively. The first and the easiest tip on how to write a movie critique is to watch the film before writing a paper. The main task is not just to watch a movie as we usually do it on Friday evenings yet to be attentive to the tiniest details, characters, and dialogs. In other words, we should note some things we like and dislike in the particular motion picture. Depending on the film, you will notice different things. Therefore, we cannot tell what exactly you should draw your attention to, but we can recommend you putting down all things that attract you. The best way and criterion to miss nothing is to follow your feelings. It will make your paper one hundred percent unique. How to critique a movie without paying attention to the so-called film structure? Similarly to the novel, each movie has the preface, central theme, climax, and narrative closure or outcome. It is highly significant to realize and clarify all these main film elements and interpret them. Thus, you will have a couple of words on each aspect and can easily answer how to write a movie critique on this stage. How to write a movie critique without analyzing the main and minor characters? Each film consists of various and sundry characters with diverse features. Usually, each of them can act like a bad, good, or mixed temper person. One of the critical tip on how to critique a movie is figure out every single characters features and his role in this film. Even if it seems an unimportant or minor character, he or she may have a huge impact on the plot. Use some strategies on how to critique a movie character paying attention to the physical and psychological peculiarities. The next tip on how to write a movie critique is strongly related to the film actors, director, producer, release data, sound, and visual effects. Obviously, it is highly critical to observe each of these elements to realize the main idea of the film. Experts believe that analyzing all those things is the best tip on how to critique a movie in-depth. There are a few examples of why this strategy is efficient. Usually, a lot of films are dedicated to a particular event, date, or person, especially historical, documentary, etc. Realizing this directors idea will definitely tell you a lot about the whole film, it gives you a film skeleton you may use for further analysis. On the contrary, analyzing sound and visual effects helps you to describe what kind of emotions and feelings this film evokes. Also, the chosen cast of the film may tell you some hidden information and shed light on some interesting things that were not considered before. Do not retell the whole film and be concise is our next piece of advice on how to critique a movie we would like to share. Provide only those examples which prove your arguments or assist in explaining a bigger idea or concept. Make up a strict paper plan and follow it. In most cases, all academic papers consist of five main sections: General information about a film (director, title, data release), reasons you have chosen it (what attracts you), and your thesis, namely what problems or ideas you want to consider. Tell a few words about the film and describe its plot briefly. Include some details on settings, main film elements/characters, and movie type/style. Provide your readers with a deep analysis of all those things you consider significant for understanding the whole idea of the film. Using some examples and citation will be an advantage. Come back to your thesis and make a summary based on analyzed arguments and facts. You should also provide your persective and recommend or not the movie for a particular audience. The last but not the least word of advice is to edit your paper. Many students forget about proofreading and editing their papers since they focus mainly on how to critique a movie. However, try to make your paper readable and attractive, and it is the final tip on how to write a movie critique our experts recommend you! For more information on  how to write a movie critique correctly and where to get help in  critique writing, look at our article Movie Critique: Professional Guidelines. Of course, if you are under pressure of time or have other deadlines, you may send your draft to any professional writing services, and they will help you to compose your paper.  Never give up! Good luck! Just do it!

An Investigation Into the Effect of Sucrose Concentration on Osmosis

Study of Sucrose Concentration to Penetration Objective: The purpose of my experiment was to study the effect of sucrose solution on potato cell penetration and equilibrium point. I will look at how the quality of potato chips will change with five different concentrations of glucose solution. Hypothesis: Invasion is the diffusion of water molecules from a high water potential through a partially permeable membrane to a lower water potential. The purpose of the investigation was to investigate the osmotic effect of the potato and to find its sucrose concentration. Regarding infiltration, it occurs in the cell membrane of potatoes. The cells in the potato are similar to the plant cells described earlier from the perspective of penetration. Therefore, I predict that if water is put in purified water, water will spread out in the potatoes. Furthermore, if water is added to the concentrated sucrose solution, I think that the water diffuses outside the potato. This is because potatoes are root crops, which absorb moisture on the ground, potato cells need to contain a large amount of moisture. Experiment objectives to study plant cell permeation The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the movement of plant cells that passed through the semipermeable membrane in different concentrations of sucrose solution and exited into the water. The experiment and the plant cells used were potatoes and radish tissues used as potato chips, as results and changes were easily recorded and thus recorded. Due to the different permeability of plant cell membranes, the expected results of radish and potato chips are different under the same conditions; this is one reason for two plant cells, not one plant cell. Another reason is to compare the results of the two plant cells and to compare the similarity between the specific results. essay.com/Biology A Practical Study on Penetration of Plant Cells (Radish and Potato Chips) Using Different Molar Sucrose Solution Biological study on the osmotic effect of different molar concentrations of sucrose solution on plant cells (radish and potato chips) Permeation is the diffusion of water molecules from the high concentration sucrose solution zone through the selectively permeable membrane to the low concentration sucrose solution zone. Water molecules move down the concentration gradient during permeation. Two illustrative illustrations of permeation are shown in FIG. 1, which shows the diffusion of water molecules from the high sucrose solution zone through the selectively permeable membrane to the low concentration sucrose solution zone. Figure 2 shows the concentration gradient where water molecules diffuse along the concentration gradient

Case for servise marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case for servise marketing - Research Paper Example As discussed in the case study that APM grew due to its franchising strategy which not only involved direct franchising but also through Master Franchising. Thus the overall expansion strategy for the business has remained focused on the development of regional franchisees who can deliver the services according to the demand from a particular geographical area in which they can deliver them effectively. APM tend to advertise the franchising opportunities in the local newspapers and other media to attract the potential franchisee. This was achieved through advertisements as well as the word of mouth also. One of the key criteria used by APM to recruit new franchisee was to observe the behavior and attitude of the person willing to apply for the franchise. One of the tasks involved was to assess the willingness of the person to show closer association with dogs. Since APM was mobile services provider for dog washing therefore it was considered as essential that the persons must have so me degree of association with pets and specially dogs. This was also important because the PEOPLE element is considered as one of the key variables in the overall integrated services marketing mix. While recruiting the new franchisee, APM therefore gave a lot of weightage to the people element besides ensuring that processes are performed in accordance with the laid down criteria. This was also duly supported by the subsequent training and development of the franchisees in order to ensure that those who are hired have the requisite degree of knowledge and expertise in delivering the services. Having a relative degree of education, up to 10th grade, was another task involved in ensuring that the franchisee actually can handle the business aspects of delivering the services too. This task again can be considered as a focused approach to offer the franchise only to those individuals who can successfully carry out the task of business management also. One of the key similarities between recruiting new franchisee as well as attracting new customers was the use of advertisement. As discussed above that APM used word of mouth as well as the advertisement to attract the new franchisee therefore relatively same procedure was also applied to attract new customers. The use of colorful mobile vans served as strong advertisement vehicles also attracting the attention of the potential customers. This therefore not only provided APM and its franchisee a cost effective way to reach to new customers but also improve its overall image in the areas where they work. Another important similarity between the two is the use of word of mouth and incentives for attracting the new customers. The use of discounted services as well as the additional care tips provided to the customers ensured that the service providers develop a long term relationship with their customers. As discussed in the case that one of the strategies applied by the franchisees were to advise the dog owners to incr ease the frequency of dog washing so that they can save costs on other issues such health related issues with the dogs. The use of recommendations by the satisfied customers was another important task involved in retaining and attracting customers. This was however, not the case for recruiting the franchisee as they had to meet strict criteria before their applications can be accepted. One of the key contradictions between the two however,

The Decision Making Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Decision Making Process - Essay Example This discussion outlines that a change in the managerial concerns is inevitable and the impact of decisions related to an immediate alteration may reflect in the overall performance of the entire workforce. Generally, a decision making process is initiated according to the expectations and preferences of the decision maker for the purpose of eliminating possible uncertainties of the results of a preplanned future action.  This study declares that  the process of decision making is not a simple action, because it is the key to the future perfections as the decider of an action has an unbreakable relationship with the implications of the results as well as the quality of the chosen output that comes as the end result. Therefore the course of deciding anything has to go through various stages. Firstly, the problem is identified and defined, then the trial for identifying the possible solutions to it. Next, the solutions are evaluated for determining the best one and the decision is made on the basis of it. The remaining stages are the implementation and evaluation of the decision as a continuous process. Through these stages, the decision maker gets a chance to explore the actual situations pertaining to a conflicting condition and becomes able to obtain various alternatives to settle the issue. However, the success of the decision depends on the way it is implemented and evaluated in a way that the correctness of the actions for fixing the problem is appreciable.

Serve or Fail Essay Example for Free

Serve or Fail Essay The article Server or Fail, by Dave Eggers of The New York Times presents a very interesting take on college students and their free time. Eggers believes that colleges should institute a service requirement for students to graduate. Due to his college experience he considers college students to have too much spare time, which is wasted on silly electives or just wasted. With this surplus of time students should contribute to the community around themselves to develop intellectual tools that will be helpful to their careers post-graduation. The primary problem with making service a necessity is that it exchanges one requirement for another. Students already have too many requirements for college making college careers last longer needed, even Eggers agrees with this. Every student has to take certain learning requirements and many students have no need or will to even attend these courses. Learning requirements such as, Oceanography and Psychology are the issue. Students have no interest in these classes and just do the bare minimum to pass. In addition, students are not forced into taking whiffle ball or Cricket as a requirement as it might seem from this article. Those types of classes are electives that students choose if they would like to take them. This proposal just substitutes classes for work, which is not much different. Many students would not want to be there in the first place, which leads to bad service for the community. Students would be on their phones, giving half effort or goofing around if this was made a requirement. Serving a community should be your choice and not an obligation. If helping out at a retirement home or tutoring children would be good for a student’s degree or resume, then he or she should seek that out on their own time. Students would have to pay for this in their tuition fees if it is done through the college. Paying to help your community is the ultimate oxymoron. This idea would not work because some students would be exempt and others would not. This places students into classes, a problem we already have in America. Students would try to find ways around working for the community by possibly going to community college instead of a university or state college for some courses. Community colleges already have a few advantages working in their favor; it is cheaper, and closer to home compared to most universities. College students need free time and down time to keep themselves sane. This proposal has too many holes, and it does not really take care of any real college issue. Colleges are already demanding enough with the amount of work that is required. College takes too long as it is and this proposal would not change the length of college, but just changes the requirements to graduate.

beethoven :: essays research papers

As someone who suffers from extreme hearing loss, I am amazed at the great Talent of Ludwig vans Beethoven, who as one of the greatest composers of all time wrote most of his music while he was deaf! It seems impossible, but what a genius he was. Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany on December 16, 1770. His mother died while he was a teenager and his father was very abusive and a crazy alcoholic. Beethoven came from a very musical family. His grandfather became a conductor and his father played and taught piano and violin. From a very young age, Beethoven was a perfectionist and became emotional and moody when things didn’t go well with his music. Beethoven saw his world as â€Å"all or nothing,† If something he was working on wasn’t absolutely perfect, he would feel he was a total failure. In Beethoven’s life, there wasn’t room for any compromise. He began to realize that he was losing his hearing when he was 28 and he couldn’t hear the church bells ringing. Some people have said that his terrible temper was really his frustration with his music as he became more and more deaf. Beethoven became so sad about his deafness that he considered suicide. He even wrote a suicide letter to his brother to tell him that he planned to kill himself. When he was 50, he was completely deaf. As time went on, Beethoven learned how to cope with his disability. One way Beethoven coped was in order to hear the sounds; he would cut off the legs of the piano and put it on the floor , so that he could feel the sounds in the floor as he played. Once he learned how to handle this, Beethoven began to write his greatest works. Beethoven was such a perfectionist that he would rework his musical compositions for years until they were perfect. It is incredible that during his life, Beethoven wrote nine symphonies and thirty-two piano sonatas. Because of these problems, Beethoven never had many close friends or happy relationships. The music he created showed this and was almost sad and heavy, it wasn’t full of life and fun. Beethoven loved to take walks in the country and enjoy the beauty of nature. It was nature that gave him the inspiration to write â€Å"Symphony No. 6.† One of Beethoven’s earliest and most successful works was a religious composition, named â€Å"Opus 85†, in 1803, known as the â€Å"Hallelujah† choir that we all sing on Easter Sunday.

Business Law †Case Study Essay

A.Known Facts John wanted to extend his house and built an office from there. He approached Sue after locating an advertisement from the Yellow Pages. As Sue’s price did not seem reasonable, John then approached Drawit Pty Ltd, which charged a hundred dollar less. John paid a deposit. Later, John went to Franks Hardware and Timber Yard. He made known to Frank, the sole proprietor, the purpose and requirement of the materials and placed an order. John signed a standard form contract and paid a deposit. Two months later, problems arose which caused John to delay his business. John incurred financial losses. B.IDENTIFYING THE ISSUES 1.0CONTRACT BETWEEN JOHN & FRANK. It is obvious that there is a contract for the sales of goods between Frank and John. Therefore, terms implied by statute into the sales of goods will only be relevant here. 1.1Is it a consumer or non-consumer contract? Here, we need to consider the definitions of consumer both under Trade Practices Act (TPA) and Goods Act Part IV (GA-IV). As the total price of the goods is $20,500, it is under the TPA s4B(1) (a)(i) prescribed limit. Having satisfied this, we need to consider s4B(1) (a)(iii). There is no evidence showing that John had acquired the goods for the purpose of re-supply or transform them. It might be a consumer contract under TPA. $20,500 exceeds the threshold amount under GA-IV s85(1) (a). John then needs to satisfy s85(1) (b). His materials were of a kind that is ordinarily  acquired for personal consumption. Moreover, s85(1) (c) and (d) did not apply. Therefore, it might also be a consumer contract within s85 of the GA. A consumer contract subjects either to TPA or GA-IV means that Goods Act Part I do not apply. 1.2 TPA or GA-IV? A seller must be a corporation to be under the TPA. As Frank Hardware is a sole proprietor, it therefore is not subjected to the TPA. It then must fall under GA-IV. GA-IV applies to all consumer contracts for the sale of goods that take place in the course of business, irrespective of whether the seller is a corporation, a partnership or a sole trader. 1.3What are the Implied terms that are breached? (i)GA-IV s(90) Fitness for particular purposes John had a contract with Frank for the supply of materials and the sale took place in the course of a business. John made known the purpose for which the goods were required and had relied on his skill and judgement in choosing the appropriate materials. It was also reasonable for John to rely on Frank. Therefore, there is an implied condition that the materials supplied be fit for that particular purpose. However, the materials were not of the purpose for which it was supplied. This implied term had been breached. (ii)GA-IV s(89) Merchantable quality As the materials were sold in the course of a business, there is an implied condition that the materials be fit for their normal purpose(s) having regarded the price. When the materials were delivered, the pine is not limed and the oregon beams  have unsightly knots. John was not aware of the defect before the sale and if John had inspected the materials before sale it would not have revealed the defect. This is because John did not know that he actually had to lime the pine himself and the knots on the beams might not be easily seen. Therefore, there is evidence that this implied term had been breached. 1.4What is the effect of exclusion clause? As the materials bought by John is a kind normally acquired for personal consumption, Frank cannot rely on the exclusion clause to exclude his liability. This is evidenced by GA-IV s95(1). 1.5What are the remedies available? John can terminate the contract and sue for damages. This means that he may return the materials and receive a refund. However, the goods must be returned as provided by s99 that as long as the defect becomes apparent within a reasonable time after delivery, the goods may be returned within reasonable time after discovering the defect. John may also receive compensation for losses caused by the breach of implied terms. 2.0CONTRACT BETWEEN JOHN & SUE. 2.1Offer or Invitation to Treat? First, we need to distinguish offer from invitation to treat. An invitation to treat is an invitation to others to make an offer. Generally, an advertisement amounts to an invitation to treat. This is held in Partridge V Crittenden [1968] 2 All ER 421, where Sue will be inviting John to make an offer. However, there is an exception. An advertisement can also be an offer. This can be illustrated in Carlill V Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256 in which Sue might probably argue that it was an offer. This being the case, Sue is the offeror will stressed that the offer was assumed to be accepted  by John upon saying â€Å" I think that’ll be okay †. An offer, once accepted, cannot be revoked. Therefore there will be a binding contract. Assuming that it is an offer, it can either be a counter offer or a mere request for more information. 2.2Counter Offer or Mere Request for More Information? An offer will be rejected if there is a counter offer. A counter offer tampers with the original condition of the offer, it rejects the original offer and can no longer be accepted at later date. Looking at the words used in John’s reply â€Å" I hadn’t expect it to be so high †, it is possible that this was either an acceptance with a request for more information, or a counter-offer. If the court found the facts here sufficiently similar to those in Stevenson Jacques V McLean (1880) 5 QBD 346, it could hold that the words were a mere request for information. This being the case, the offer remains open and can be accepted. Another alternative is that the court might hold that John’s reply amounts to a counter offer as it seems to add new terms to the offer. This would be similar to Hyde V Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334, in which the counter offer involved a reduction in price. As in that case, the counter offer made by John had the effect of destroying the original offer made by Sue. Sue is then free to accept or reject this counter offer. Sue, by quoting the price of $1500, clearly shows that she had accepted the counter offer and made a new offer. It is now up to John, the offeree, to accept or reject the offer. 2.3Acceptance or Rejection? Sue could rely on the fact that the mode of communication is instantaneous, i.e. a telephone conversation. She will argue that John’s response over the phone is assumed to be an acceptance to the new offer. This forms a contract in which she can argue that it had been breached. REMEDIES FOR SUE (Damages) However, John can argue that there was no contract because his response failed to satisfy the rule that an acceptance must be absolute and unqualified. In fact, it’s a statement of his opinion of what he thought and therefore he reserved the right to change his mind. An offer, which had not been accepted, does not form a contract. Therefore there is no breach of contract and that he did not have to pay the pro rata amount requested by Sue. REMEDIES FOR JOHN (Do not have to pay) Having considered both sides of the argument, it is more likely that there is a contract between John and Sue. And that it is a breach in which John had to pay. 3.0 CONTRACT BETWEEN JOHN AND DRAWIT. It is clear that there is a service contract in which Drawit is to provide a plan for John. Due to the fact that terms implied under Statute only apply to consumer contracts, we need to determine if one exists in order to enforce the implied terms. 3.1Is it a consumer contract? To illustrate whether it is a consumer contract, we need to compare the definition of consumer under Trade Practices Act (TPA) and Goods Act Part IV (GA-IV). s4B(b) (i) of the TPA required that price of the service be less that $40,000. If it exceeds that amount, it must be a kind ordinary acquired for personal use. s85(a) of the GA-IV restricted that amount to be under $20,000. Similarly, if exceeds that prescribed amount, it must be for  personal consumption. Given the service price of $1,400 and that John had acquired it for personal use, it is obvious that it falls under both the TPA and GA-IV. Therefore we know that there is a consumer contract. We then need to identify which of the Acts it falls into. 3.2TPA or GA-IV? TPA probably applies because there is evidence that Drawit is a corporation. This can be recognised by the ‘Pty Ltd’ in Drawits’s company name. Having recognised that it subjects to TPA, it is obvious that GA-IV does not apply. 3.3What are the Implied Warranties that have been breached? As Drawit provide the similar service as Sue, we assumed that John had also made know the purpose for which the plan was required and that relied on the seller’s skills to perform the service. (i)TPA s74(1) Due and skills Drawit supplied the services in the course of a business, so there is an implied warranty that the service will be rendered with due care and skill. The material supplied (plan) in connection with the service must also be fit for the purpose for which they are supplied. It is obvious that Drawit had breached this implied warranty because the material supplied was not fit for the purpose, i.e. it did not meet the Council’s standards. (ii)TPA s74(2) Fitness for particular purposes Applying our assumption that John had made known to Drawit his requirements for which the services were required and that Drawit had supplied the service in the course of a business. There is an implied warranty that the  service and the materials supplied in connection of the service will be reasonably fit for that purpose and that it is reasonable for John in that circumstances to rely on Drawit’s skill. The plan did not meet the Council’s requirement. This shows that it did not fit the purpose for which the services were required. Therefore there is a breach of this warranty. 3.4Can the implied terms be excluded? As the service provided is of a type ordinarily acquired for personal domestic or household use. Under s68 of TPA, Drawit cannot exclude or limit the implied warranties. 3.5What are the remedies that are available? John can terminate the contract and sue for damages. This means that he could get a refund for the services and also receive compensation for the losses caused by the breached of the implied terms.

Evaluate the Strengths and Weaknesses of Reason as a Way of Knowing

There are four main ways of knowing – reason, perception, language and emotion. However each one of them have their own strengths and weaknesses and only by knowing them will we be able to better use these ways of knowing to gain knowledge. This essay will seek to examine the strengths and weaknesses of reason as a way of knowing. Reason is often seen as one of the most powerful ways of knowing – for it ‘seems to give us certainty’ (Lagemaat, 112). Reason uses logic to form arguments and conclusions.A benefit of reason using logic in reason is that it allows us access to innate or a priori knowledge – knowledge we cannot access any other way. One definition of A priori knowledge is innate knowledge that is not derived from experience but rather, are universal rules that we apply. (Cahn,Eckert,Buckley). There are several different forms that reason takes but these are mainly inductive and deductive reasoning – which will be discussed later in t he essay. A major strength of reason as a way of knowing is that the information we gather from using it is certain.This is a great strength because we are provided with a strong prediction model that we can build knowledge upon, thus providing us with information that we can believe to be true. We look to how this is applied in an area of knowledge the natural sciences. Take for instance the concept of neutralization reactions in Chemistry. In theory we know that a base would react with an acid to produce salt and water – a hypothesis that, up till this point, has been proven to be true – to form a salt and water. If we are presented with the following argument:All bases react with acids to form salt and water. Unknown sample X reacted with an acid and formed salt and water. We can conclude that unknown sample X is a base. We used deductive reasoning to arrive at the conclusion above. Deductive reasoning provides us with a conclusion that is absolutely certain. The wa y deduction works is that we go from general premises to a specific conclusion (Langemaat, 234). Like the example above, so far we have seen that all acid-base reactions produce water and salt thus we believe sample X is a base as well.At this point in time, there is no dispute against the law of the acid-base reaction and this will remain a law of chemistry. This certainty reason provides is an extremely important strength as this shows that reason allows us to create strong foundations that can be expanded upon. However with this certainty that reason brings, it has its weaknesses too. The first weakness of reason as a way of knowing is that it is limited. While we realise that unknown sample X is a base, this is all we know of it.This is where the weakness of deductive reason lies, it provides us with an extremely certain conclusion so that we can build upon our foundations that have been set but at the same time, we are limiting our knowledge to just this small scope. Also, the certainty of the conclusion depends on the truth of the premises. How can we prove that these premises are true? We believe that the premises are true because they have not been renounced as of yet. However if they were in fact wrong, our conclusion would be false as well resulting in a completely false argument.From this we can see that while reason can provide us with very certain conclusions, it limits us to building knowledge upon a specific foundation and the truth of the conclusion is based on the truth of the premises. The next strength of reason helps us generate laws to explain abstract concepts and gain this knowledge in areas that our senses cannot reach. This is a very important strength of reason as it shows how detached reason is from the empirical and sense perception. We look to the natural sciences once again – the concept of temporary dipole attraction between diatomic molecules.If we have the following argument: I, Br and Cl form temporary dipoles I, Br and Cl are group VII halogens Therefore, all halogens form temporary dipoles. This example shows how definitions and laws in the natural sciences are formed and how we use reason to do so. The example above uses induction, a method of reason that involves going from the specific to generate a general conclusion. This is how laws of the abstract are formed in science – we are unable to use sense perception or empirical knowledge, since we cannot see dipoles, to formulate these laws, we use reason to arrive at these conclusions.However, this is where the weakness of reason comes in as well. The problem with using induction is that these conclusions could have been arrived at in an incorrect way. The fact that these conclusions drawn are that of something abstract, how do we prove for sure that it is not another variable that affects it? Furthermore, what happens when in the future, when something that is not a halogen is discovered to form a temporary dipole. What happens to our d efinition of what can form temporary dipoles then? This is the weakness of reason in the natural sciences.Many times, Science applies inductive reasoning and even if a hypothesis is subject to uncountable experiments and stands irrefutable at this present time, it might not be true in the future. Since the natural sciences are a combination of the math and empirical, we cannot solely rely on our a priori knowledge. Science’s discoveries are often based on observations and this flout’s the rules of rationalism. When our senses are involved, our ability to reason might be compromised and lead to false premises and thus false conclusions.However, this is where experimentation comes in to prove as far as we can the extent of scientific truth and discovery. Therefore when it comes to the natural sciences, reasoning has its strengths in clearly defining and classifying various concepts that are senses cannot reach. However, reason falls short in the test of time, where we do not know what future results might yield as well as the possibility of mixing our senses into our premises, leading to false concepts to begin with.Thus, we can conclude that reason is limited in science by time and the extent of knowledge we already have. Even though reason might follow a logical flow, one may still arrive at false conclusions due to problems in our web of coherence. This is a major weakness of reason as we jump to hasty conclusions and cause us to make fallacious statements. For example, in the area of knowledge of the human sciences, analysts have been trying to identify patterns in human behaviour and events. Take for instance in a certain country, crime rates reach an all time high.Analysts would be looking for the factor that caused this and if at the exact same time there was a decrease in abortions, they might form this argument Crime rates increased Abortion rates decreased Therefore the decrease in abortions caused the increase in crime rates. This is an example of a fallacy called ‘post hoc ergo propter hoc’ where (wikipedia). This fallacy occurs when we assume that event A is the cause of event B just because B comes after A. The example above is guilty of committing this fallacy of ‘post hoc ergo propter hoc’ as it quickly concludes based on two events that happened at the same time.The analyst may argue that he used logic to reason out this relation but in actual fact there might have been many other factors that contributed to this increase in crime and violence. This example illustrates the weakness of reason as even though this is a sound argument, its premises are not the cause of each other and thus the argument is invalid. To conclude, we can see that reason has a significant role in many of the areas of knowledge but also presents many shortcomings, especially when experience and other factors come in. We are empirical creatures and it is difficult to always think rationally and logically.As Thom as Aquinas once said, ‘Most men seem to live according to sense rather than reason. ’ Perhaps this then is the major weakness of reason as a way of knowing – it cannot exist alone but needs to coexist with the other ways of knowing. Works Cited Cahn, Steven M. , Maureen Eckert, and Robert Buckley. Knowledge and Reality: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004. Print. Alchin, Nicholas. Theory of Knowledge. London: John Murray, 2003. Print. Lagemaat, Richard Van De. Theory of Knowledge for the IB Diploma. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2005. Print.

11 Habits of Successful People

11 Habits of Successful People Ever wonder what all those rich and powerful people have in common? Ever wonder how they got where they were? Or whether you have what it takes to end up among them? Or maybe you have a bad idea of what it means to be powerful and worry that you’re too nice a person for the job. Well, rest assured. Nice guys can finish first. Here are 11 habits of successful people. Start cultivating them now, and see how far you can go.1. Don’t wait to be promoted to be a leaderLeadership is not about the title on your business card. So don’t wait to get that title before you start actually leading. Power and authority are not the same thing. Try leading without being a boss.2. Be graciously disruptiveDon’t just accept the status quo because no one else seems to be questioning it. Don’t be afraid to ask the question that comes to you. Ask â€Å"what if†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"why not†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Think outside the box and gently express your best ideas, and you could think your way to real innovation and improvement. Plus, you’ll impress your colleagues in the process.3. Think for yourselfForm your own opinions based on fact and what you know, rather than what you think- or have been accustomed to thinking. Always keep an open mind and be willing to change your mind when you have good reason to. Do this, and you can trust the little voice inside your head when it really matters.4. Focus on the big stuffDon’t get distracted by the small and trivial stuff. Cut through the noise and focus on what matters most, and what is most important. Speak up when you have something truly meaningful to say. Do the big thing first and best. You’ll build a reputation for insight and trustworthiness, at the least.5. Master conflictConflict happens. The only thing we can change or anticipate is our reaction to it when it does. Rather than shirking away from conflict, or seeking it out, try the middle path. When it hits, react to it withou t emotional entanglement. Face the situation directly and humbly, without being defensive or hysterical. You’ll find conflict can actually be incredibly productive, when you face it this maturely.6. Cause conversationThis is a hard one to practice, but if you have the talent for making people listen (and saying things worth listening to), then you can be the kind of influencer who opens her mouth and inspires.7. Know thyselfTrue power means not being blind to your own weaknesses. Position yourself to wield your strengths in the best possible way, and that means also owning your weaknesses and finding out how to grow from them.8. NetworkDon’t be the mercenary networker who drops contacts like a hot potato when they prove no longer useful. True power comes from building a solid and strong community. Develop and grow your network. Keep up contact with your connections’ connections. Treat everyone with respect and dignity and then you can all help each other work to gether to succeed.9. Ask for helpAsking for help is almost never a sign of weakness- quite the contrary. True leaders know when to delegate, when to ask for expert advice, when to take a step back for better perspective. Ironically, you’ll prove your lack of insecurity by putting the project ahead of your own ego.10. Believe in yourselfThis doesn’t mean neglecting to do all the hard work, but it does mean believing in your own power to achieve your dreams. Keep yourself driven and inspired and you’ll stand a good chance of actually meeting your biggest goals.11. Do it todayIf you have the mind set, the training, the inspiration, and the passion, why wait? The perfect opportunity to show off your leadership skills and start growing your power may never be handed to you on a silver platter. Start now. Strengthen your power muscles any chance you get, and actively seek out the opportunities to show them off.

A Framework Model for an Online Examination Timetable using Constraint Dissertation

A Framework Model for an Online Examination Timetable using Constraint Programming, PHP and MySQL - Dissertation Example The challenge and complexity of the problem lies in the fact that institutions may need to satisfy a set of constraints that might be too diverse or even contradictory. There are a few constraints that cannot be violated at all (hard constraints), few constraints are non universal (soft constraints) and may or may not be followed by an institute and lastly, there may be constraints unique to a specific institute (Burke et al. 1995). Problem Statement Academic institutions all over the world are required to go through the tedious and time consuming task of producing examination timetables periodically. Therefore, a universal solution for the examination timetabling problem would have a substantial impact factor. Owing to the fact that different institutes require a solution satisfying different constraints, the problem of finding a generalized solution that caters all these differences could be rather challenging. Devising a universal model for examination timetable problem would requ ire flexibility in terms of the specified constraints and commercial software cannot provide that. Aims and Objectives The aim of this project would be to suggest a universal framework model for the examination timetabling problem. A solution that ensures provision of flexibility in terms of constraint specifications shall be proposed. ... Literature includes timetabling systems presented by Hansen and Vidal (1995), Colijn and Layfield (1995), Lim et al (2000) and Dimopoulou and Miliotis (2001). Various approaches have been suggested by researchers and universities to solve the examination timetabling problem. Some survey papers have been published over time listing the techniques that have been utilized in addressing the exam timetabling problems. These include the survey by Carter and Laporte (1996), Burke and Petrovic (2002), Schaerf (1999), Petrovic and Burke (2004) and Burke et al. (1997). Amongst the approaches include methods based on evolutionary algorithms (Cote 2005), clustering, graph based sequential methods, case based reasoning (Gaspero & Schaerf 2001), hyper heuristics (Burke et al. 2007), harmony search algorithms (Burke et. al 2004), tabu search (Gendreau & Potvin 2005), particle swarm algorithms (Gaspero & Shuref 2001), and simulated annealing (Chiarandini 2006) have been proposed for the examination timetabling problem. It has been observed that hybrid methods in general give better solutions that pure algorithms. However, efficient integration is required rather than sequentially integrating the different approaches (Que et al. 2006). For building timetabling systems, researchers have used some general constraint programming packages e.g. ECLiPse (Ajili & Wallace 2003). A few efforts have been seen in literature for standardizing the modelling language and data format (Kingston 2001; Ozcan 2003; Reis & Oliveira 2001) once the need for it was recognized (Burke et al. 1998). Methodology The project has both research and development phases, so time shall be divided accordingly. The framework model would have the server-client architecture and would comprise of