Proteins Therapy for Drug Discovery

Proteins Therapy for Drug Discovery Proteins are most dynamic and diverse macromolecules in our body, thus numerous functionally distinct proteins hold enormous promise for the development of new therapeutics for a variety of human ailments which contain mutated or other abnormal proteins, or those in an abnormally high or low concentration. However, the clinical application of protein therapeutics is still in its infancy since the poor physicochemical stability of proteins in the circulation and their limited membrane permeability interrupt successful delivery to the target sites. This review discusses advantages and limitations of current strategies, as well as the recent developments in protein delivery using nanoparticles. We also highlight nanoparticle-mediated alternative administration routes to injection, including oral, nasal, pulmonary, and transdermal delivery. Keywords: nanoparticles, protein delivery, protein therapeutics, administration routes, drug delivery systems Introduction With the strong growth in biopharmaceuticals and advanced drug delivery technologies in recent years, pharmaceutical companies are increasingly turning toward protein therapeutics in the search for drug discovery targets. A study by BCC Research indicated that the global market for bioengineered protein drugs was valued at $151.9 billion in 2013 and the market is further expected to grow to about $222.7 billion in 2019 for a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.2% from 2014 through 2019 [1]. Compared with the conventional small-molecule drugs that currently make up the majority of the pharmaceutical market, protein drugs offer the advantages of high specificity and less toxicity, whereas the high specificity often requires structural complexity of the proteins which can make them difficult to formulate, as well as challenging to deliver proteins to target disease sites. Nanotechnology-based approaches, including drug delivery systems using nanostructures such as liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, stimuli-responsive nanoparticles, and nanofabricated devices, has improved therapeutics in the field of biomedical applications [2,3]. This review describes current protein delivery technologies including those in the market, recent progress, and unmet needs in the formulations and delivery of proteins. The advances in nanotechnology reviewed here highlight that major hurdles in protein delivery can be met even through the patient-friendly, non-invasive routes. Progress and challenges in protein delivery To achieve successful protein therapeutics, the intrinsic characteristics of proteins such as structural instability and short half-life should be improved by designing appropriate protein delivery platforms. Inadequate design or formulation of protein drugs can cause degradation, denaturation, and/or aggregation of the protein molecules, and these could potentially cause immunogenic side effects after administration as well as lead to a loss in pharmacological activity. Effective intracellular protein delivery also remains a challenge as hydrophilic and large sizes of proteins are hardly permeated through the cell membrane. In this section, current technologies to deliver proteins, including intracellular delivery strategies, and their limitations will be discussed. Current protein formulations and modifications Biodegradable microparticles (1-1000 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m) are attractive parental depot formulations for long-term protein drug release (from week to month). They enable sustained release of the proteins by both the diffusion of proteins from the polymer matrix and the degradation/erosion of the polymer [4,5]. The most widely used material for the encapsulation of proteins is poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), as they are mechanically strong, biocompatible, biodegradable with favorable degradation rates, non-toxic, and approved for use in humans by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [6]. Encapsulation of proteins into the microparticles can be prepared by several methods such as double emulsion, which is most widely used technique, phase separation (coacervation), ultrasonic atomization, spray-drying, microfluidics, etc. [7]. Once the proteins are encapsulated into microparticles, their release kinetics depend on the microparticle size, molecular mass of polymer, ratio of hydroph ilicity/hydrophobicity, polydispersity of microparticle size, and loading amount of proteins. Generally, larger size of microparticles lead to more prolonged protein release, but they can cause potential blockage of the needle required for administration, also the stability and bioactivity of the released proteins in the physiological condition need to be considered for long-term delivery. Degradation and erosion of PLGA can lower the pH inside the microparticles, which can further bring denaturation of the protein as well as aggregate formation. Currently, there are few microparticle drug delivery formulations (e.g. Trelstar depot) on the market and various microparticles have been designed for therapeutic protein delivery such as bone morphogenetic protein-2 [8], insulin [9], recombinant human epidermal growth factor [10], and recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) [11]. Proteins smaller than 70 kDa are mostly cleared from the systemic circulation by glomerular filtration [12]. Chemical modification of proteins with hydrophilic polymers can reduce this renal clearance by increasing their molecular weight and/or hydrodynamic dynamic radius. The covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains to proteins (PEGylation), as a typical example, enhances protein stability and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, and the benefits of PEGylation have the PEGylated therapeutic proteins have reached the market with many examples on various stages of clinical development including Naloxegol (MovantikTM; AstraZeneca) which was approved by FDA in 2014 for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation [13,14]. Hyperglycosylation can also extend biological half-life and improve stability by improving solubility of proteins and reducing immunogenicity. The addition of sugar molecules to a protein is more natural process than PEGylation since it is already a part of endogenous post-translational enzymatic process as well as polysaccharides are readily degraded into native glucose molecules [15]. N-glycosylated EPO (Aranesp) is marketed by Amgen from 2001, and there are more glycosylated protein drugs under preclinical and clinical investigation such as polysialylated forms of EPO, granulocyte-colony stimulation factor (G-CSF), and insulin [16]. Although the chemical modification provides the prolonged circulation half-life of the proteins, this approach can result in unfavorable conformational changes, a loss of biological activity and binding affinity to their target due to steric hindrance, and heterogeneity [17]. This reduction in physicochemical properties leads to the systemic exposure of proteins to get enough pharmacological potency, but toxicities related to peak exposure can limit their clinical use. Various efforts aiming for the maintenance of protein activity are being made by designing site-specific modification. For example, chemi cal ligation of synthetic peptides including levulinyllysine to EPO indicated superior hematopoietic activity compared to native protein [18]. More recent advances in chemoselective targeting show that the incorporation of canonical and noncanonical amino acids can enhance the selectivity, while improving PEG architecture [19]. In addition to chemical modification, genetic constructs and fusion technologies have been intensively studied to elevate protein half-life and delivery efficacy. Fc-based fusion proteins that are composed of an immunoglobin Fc domain and genetically linked therapeutic protein to this domain are promising approaches as Fc-fusion can endow a protein with unique effector functions mediated by Fc receptor binding and complement fixation [20]. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) mediated recycling and transcytosis process results in half-life extension (e.g. IgG: up to 21 days) and also the increased molecular weight of fusion proteins through the size of the Fc-domain (~50 kDa) reduces renal clearance [21]. A number of therapeutic proteins based on fusion with the IgG Fc domain are on the market for clinical use since Fc-fused tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-2 (Enbrel; Amgen/Pfizer) was approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and plaque psoriasis in 1998, and several candida tes are currently under clinical trials [22]. Recent Fc-fusion platforms focus on the ways to retain biological activity and binding affinity which can be commonly decreased after fusion process [23,24]. Jung et al. included a ‘chaperone’ protein in Toll-like receptor 4 Fc-fusion to stabilize the desired partner [25]. The development of heterodimeric Fc platforms based on strand-exchange engineered domain CH3 heterodimers consisted of alternating segments of human IgA and IgG CH3 shows multiple specificities within homodimeric Fc-fusion platform [26]. To utilize alternative backbones, such as IgA, IgE, and IgM, may also serve benefits to the activity of the fused partner [27-29]. However, concerns are ongoing about the immunogenicity of Fc-fusion proteins because interactions between the Fc domain and its receptors have multivariable immunological consequences, which can raise concerns in the treatment for chronic disease [30]. Other attempts to target FcRn including al bumin fusion which has direct interaction with FcRn and genetic engineering of Fc domains have also been reported. A glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) albumin fusion achieved ~ 5 day half-life and received FDA-approval (Albiglutide; GSK) for the treatment of type-2 diabetes [31]. A recombinant polypeptide fusion construct which consists of an unstructured polypeptide and protein drug is another example of generic fusion technology capable of extending plasma half-life. Schellenberger et al. developed an exenatide-XTEN fusion and demonstrated ~58 times increased half-life and a low rate of immunogenicity in animals, even in the presence of the adjuvant [32]. Still, issues remain in safety of fusion approaches, in particular in the case of fusions with native human proteins because of the cross-reactivity with endogenous homologues which can affect on a long-term safety and clearance of subsequent doses [33].

Greek Mythology Newspaper Headlines

Hello, this is the most exquisite goddess of love and beauty, here to do my beloved job of creating love. So, this week we have advice for the lovely queen of the gods as she requested, but as she would rather not have her true name revealed, she asked to be called CheatedWife1 instead. Now, CheatedWife1, you have come to me saying that your husband Zeus, king of the gods, is a cheater and is always fraternizing with other women, mortal and divine. I must say, this is quite a sad revelation! Well, my advice to you is to try to catch these consorts, and show them just who is queen of the gods and rightful consort of Zeus! That’s it for today so see you next week with another section of advice! May love find you quickly! -AphroditeOlympus NewsThis week on Olympus, we have visiting the mortal Hercules, who will be attending the company of Lady Hera, as he was summoned. Hercules has been a wonder to the mortals, and a source of revenge for the Lady Hera because her husband Zeus is his father, and she isn’t the mother. His many extraordinary feats include: slaying the Nemean Lion, slaying the Hydra, capturing the Erymanthian Boar, slaying the Stymphalian Birds, capturing the Cretan Bull, obtain the cattle of the monster Geryon, steal the apples of the Hesperides, capture and bring back Cerubus, and many more so make sure to respect this mighty hero! Mortal NewsThis week the mortals have been involved in yet another war, one they call the Trojan War because the opposing sides are the city of Troy and the Greeks. Troy had managed to hide behind its high and protective walls for a long while, but eventually the Greeks broke through by sending a small force in the guise of a large wooden horse that they hid inside, then from there allowed the rest of their army entry and took down Troy. It has been confirmed that divine interference was the base cause of this war, although names will not be said in order to avoid a godly war. In other news the demigod Pers eus has managed to slay the hideous gorgon Medusa and take her head, a marvelous victory, for a mortal.SportsAs many of us gods and goddesses are already aware, the Olympic Games are approaching. The mortals have made this a religious event, and will pray to us for our help, but just a reminder: we must not interfere with these games as they are dedicated to Mighty Zeus and so he has decreed such. These games started with finding a priestess for the Lady Hera, but eventually became the event that involves both the mortals and us deities.

How did UK and US relations change after the election of Obama - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2361 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In his 1946 Iron Curtain speech, Winston Churchill (2015, n. pag.) stated that [n]either the sure prevention of war, nor the continuous rise of world organisation will be gained without what I have called the fraternal association of the English-speaking peoples. This means a special relationship between the [UK] and the United States. The end of World War II did indeed mark the start of a special relationship between the two nations and it has been characterised by political, diplomatic, economic and military relations as well as shared values and strategic objectives in the intervening years (Wallace Phillips, 2009). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How did UK and US relations change after the election of Obama?" essay for you Create order However, there has been significant coverage and analysis of the special relationship since the 2008 election of Barack Obama as US President, with many political commentators, academics and journalists alike speculating as to how relevant such a relationship may now be as a result of changing strategy on the part of both nations. This essay will establish the state of the special relationship between the UK and the United States prior to the election of Barack Obama before exploring the political, economic and social changes that occurred in the wake of his inauguration. This will be done with a view to concluding that 2008 was a watershed for the special relationship as a result of changing US and UK priorities, transitional leadership and the global financial crisis. However, despite the evolution of the special relationship as a result of a shifting global political and economic climate, it is still a key strategic alliance that is relevant to the security of both states and the international community as a whole today. Prior to 2008, the special relationship between the UK and US had the purpose of forming close cooperation between the two in terms of nuclear weapons technology, economic activity, trade and military planning and execution, amongst other areas (Wither, 2006). In the immediate aftermath of World War II, it forged a mutual recovery and support in the rebuilding of states that had been damaged by the war with the added point of America becoming the global leader (Arnold, 2014; Friedman, 2007). Lee (2010) argues that the UK was the weaker partner throughout the second half of the 20th century was a result of the fact that the defence cooperation between the two was dominated by the US, who had larger strategic forces and often demanded UK cooperation in initiatives during the Cold War. Wright (2002) supplements this perspective and notes that this imbalance persisted into the 21st century as a result of the UKs backing of George W. Bushs act ions in the wake of 9/11 in exchange for maintaining British influence internationally. The British support for US foreign and security policy in the aftermath of 9/11, particularly the 2003 invasion of Iraq, suggested that the special relationship remained strong despite the fact that it did not have popular support in Britain and raised significant questions as to whether it was in the best interests of the UK to follow American international strategy (Dumbrell, 2009). However, regardless of the controversy that surrounded the actions of both nations, there can be little doubt that there were strong political, strategic and military links in place prior to the election of Obama in 2008. Following Obamas election in 2008, the special relationship has been called into question as a direct result of the ideological disparities between the new President and his predecessor. Obamas diplomatic objectives and strategic goals departed significantly from the approach taken towards allia nces and security by George W. Bush. For example, Dumbrell (2009) notes that Obama had an ambivalence towards the protectionist strategy that had previously been employed and those applying pressure on the president to continue to pursue it as well as committing to diplomacy with other European states to encourage engagement in Afghanistan. As such, the foundation of the special relationship had become distorted as a direct result of the fact that Obama did not wish to prioritise relations with Britain in order to secure an ally in the international community based on a traditional mutual need. Indeed, both Gordon Brown and Barack Obama sought to address global issues like climate change (Dumbrell, 2013) and the restructuring of international institutions to create an effective and efficient global society (Dumbrell, 2008). These issues were not prioritised on Bushs agenda and the cooperation between the US and UK on them provides evidence of a shift in focus. However, the fact that both pledged to cooperate on matters of international rather than domestic importance does underscore the fact that diplomatic and political relations were still in place despite Obamas determination to redefine US foreign policy. As such, the special relationship did change in the field of diplomacy but remained resolutely in place. In highlighting Obamas tentative departure from the traditional American protectionist stance, Dumbrell (2009) also drew attention to the fact that Obama sought to build military alliances to strengthen his position in Afghanistan and this also impacted upon that particular aspect of the special relationship. For example, Self (2010) states that Obama exerted pressure on the British government into committing more troops to the ongoing war in Afghanistan. This was done via coercive rhetoric in a bid to overcome policy differences that were geared towards protecting the British national interest in a time of economic crisis. As such, there was signif icant conflict in the area of military cooperation because of the circumstances that had changed the priorities of both nations. The military element of the special relationship also evolved after the inauguration of Obama in other ways that were directly linked to the shift in American strategic priorities (Wither, 2006). For example, Wither (2006, p. 47) argues that: the longstanding defence partnership is threatened by a number of factors, including interoperability problems, the UKs national and defence spending priorities, the likely impact of a decision to replace Trident and the decline in the importance of the transatlantic strategic partnership in NATO. This identifies several areas where US priorities were distinctly different to those of the UK and therefore marks a major disjunction between the policies of both. This had not existed before as the UK had actively supported the US in its global endeavours, often without question (Dumbrell, 2009). There can be no doub t that the UK was not able to do so to the same extent after 2008. British military capabilities were significantly reduced in the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis, which raised significant questions about the UKs ability to contribute to global security as well as compromising any future usefulness in collaborative overseas operations (Wither, 2006). This was also paired with a reluctance to aid Obama via bilateral agreements to take action overseas, with a prime example being parliaments rejection of Prime Minister David Camerons proposal to ally with Obama and commit to air strikes in Syria in 2013 and the resultant strained relationship between the two leaders (Rothkopf, 2014). As a consequence, the special relationship had fundamentally changed in numerous ways based upon the reluctance of the UK to tow the American line and the frustration that manifested in the military relationship between the two, at least on a governmental level if not on the ground where cooperati on did occur. Although cooperation may not have been as forthcoming in a military context as it had been prior to 2008, there are areas of policy and the special relationship in which new forms of cooperation flourished. For example, according to Wallace and Phillips (2009, p, 263), the US-UK special relationship today has a political and ideological superstructure and an embedded military and intelligence substructure. This suggests that there is active cooperation between the two in the intelligence sphere and that is reinforced by the creation of a National Security Strategy Board, which was designed to provide a clear line of communication between officials in the UK and the US to discuss security and strategy as and when necessary (Watt, 2011). In addition, there are ongoing intelligence operations that require cooperation between the two, most notably the running of CIA networks within British communities in conjunction with MI5 in order to prevent terrorist attacks (Svends on, 2010). In effect, stronger links have developed in this particular area of the relationship and illuminate how it has changed based upon need. The economic aspect of the special relationship also demands scrutiny. Despite the global economic crisis that damaged both the US and UK economies significantly there is extensive economic activity that ties them together, including trade and investment that renders each the largest investor in the other (Foreign Affairs Committee, 2010). This irrevocably bound the nations together and provided a point of cooperation that was seemingly unaffected by global goals as it benefitted both nations. Indeed, Stacey et al (2015, n. pag.) note that Obama perceived the US and UK economies as the two that were standing out at a time when a lot of other countries are having problems at the beginning of 2015, thus ostensibly reaffirming the special relationship publically. The implication here is that the strength of both economies reinforced the r elationship as a result of the ongoing benefits that both nations were able to reap from the situation. It should be noted that there were points of disagreement, such as the fact that Obama sought to insert clauses into World Trade Organisation UK stimulus packages that were designed to protect American industry and jobs. However, these did not actively impact upon the economic support or cooperation that one provided the other. In effect, this particular area of the special relationship changed very little despite the global economic climate and the uncertainty it introduced impacting upon other areas. However, despite the changes to the special relationship illustrated above, there are certain elements of it that have altered little since 2008. For example, despite the fact that Obama has favoured a partnership with the collective of European states rather than one nation, the UK is still the weaker partner in the relationship: relief that [Obamas] first phone call to a Europe an leader was to Gordon Brown, indicates how dependent Britains claim to global status is on Washingtons approval (Wallace Phillips, 2009, p. 283). Although the UK is no longer a bridge to Europe as a result of Obamas desire to establish relationships with the European Union and its individual states (Cameron, 2007), it still maintains the closest relationship of all European states to the US and continues to be its closest ally. This is important in determining how far the special relationship had changed and denotes the presence of common ground that has endured from the end of World War II and is still in place. In conclusion, the analysis in this essay points to the special relationship between the UK and United States undergoing a fundamental change in the wake of the election of President Barack Obama in 2008. Although the channels of communication remained open and were consolidated as a result of cooperation in the field of intelligence and via the new National Security Strategy Board, the strategic goals of both nations were undoubtedly impacted by economic crisis, involvement on a changing international stage and the need to develop enhanced relations with other European nations. There is also evidence of friction between the two nations and this manifests in an unwillingness to support the other unless initiatives and policies were also in the national interest. These points outline how the special relationship changed on an ideological and a practical level. However, the economic element of the special relationship remained intact, in spite of the attempts by the US government to insert clauses into stimulus agreements to aid the American economy, and this underlined the remaining importance of each power to the other. As such, the analysis reinforces the idea that 2008 was a watershed for the US-UK special relationship as a result of the impact that changing priorities, transitional leadership and the global financial crisis had on both nation s. There has certainly been a need for the evolution of the special relationship as a result of a shifting global political and economic climate but the relations between the US and UK still facilitate the maintenance of a key strategic alliance that is relevant to the security of both states and responds to the demand for global leadership by the international community today. Bibliography Arnold, G., (2014). America and Britain: Was There Ever a Special Relationship. London: C. Hurst Co. Cameron, F., (2007). An Introduction to European Foreign Policy. London: Routledge. Churchill, W., (2015). The Sinews of Peace (Iron Curtain Speech). The Churchill Centre. [Online] Available at: https://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1946-1963-elder-statesman/the-sinews-of-peace [Accessed 17 October 2015]. Dumbrell, J., (2009). Hating Bush, Supporting Washington: George W. Bush, Anti-Americanism and the US-UK Special Relationship. In J. Dumbrell A. Schafer eds. Americas Special Relationships: Foreign and Domestic Aspects of the Politics of Alliance. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 45-59. Dumbrell, J., (2013). Personal Diplomacy: Relations Between Prime Ministers and Presidents. In A. Dobson S. Marsh eds. Anglo-American Relations: Contemporary Perspectives. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 82-104. Dumbrell, J., (2008). The US-UK Special Relationship: Taking the 21st C entury Temperature. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 11, pp. 64-78. Foreign Affairs Committee, (2010). Global Security: UK-US Relations. London: The Stationary Office. Friedman, N., (2007). The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War. Washington DC: Naval Institute Press. Lee, L., (2010). US Hegemony and International Legitimacy. Abingdon: Routledge. Rothkopf, D., (2014). National Insecurity: Can Obamas Foreign Policy Be Saved? Foreign Policy. [Online] Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/09/09/national-insecurity/ [Accessed 21 October 2015]. Self, R., (2010). British Foreign and Defence Policy Since 1945: Challenges and Dilemmas in a Changing World. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Stacey, K., Dyer, G. Murphy, M., (2015). David Cameron and Barack Obama Reaffirm Special Relationship. Financial Times. [Online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7dfb3402-9d9f-11e4-8946-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3pD1jb3YF [Accessed 20 October 2015]. Svendson, A., (2010). Intelligence Cooperation and the War on Terror: Anglo-American Security Relations After 9/11. Abingdon: Routledge. Wallace, W. Phillips, C., (2009). Reassessing the Special Relationship. International Affairs, 85:2, pp. 263-284. Watt, N., (2011). Barack Obama Agrees to Form Joint National Security Body with UK. The Guardian. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/23/barack-obama-security-board-with-uk [Accessed 20 October 2015]. Wither, J., (2006). An Endangered Partnership: The Anglo American Defence Relationship in the Early Twenty-First Century. European Security, 15:1, pp. 47-65. Wright, B., (2002). Analysis: Anglo-American Special Relationship. BBC. [Online] Available at: https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1913522.stm [Accessed 20 October 2015].

Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll...

â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde† is a gothic horror novella written by Robert Louis Stevenson in the Victorian era. The novella follows a well-respected doctor - Henry Jekyll - and his struggle between good and evil when he takes a potion and becomes Mr Hyde. Robert Louis Stevenson - the author of the novella â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde†- was born in Edinburgh in 1850 and died at the young age of forty-four. He wrote the book in 1886. As a child he was very close to his nurse and when he was ill she used to read him Bible stories as he was brought up in a strict Catholic tradition, which he later rebelled against. This led to his fascination for his city’s low life and for bizarre characters, which†¦show more content†¦When describing the door, Stevenson includes detail about the surrounding and the atmosphere as being dark weather, foggy and mysterious: â€Å"a black winter morning†. The door also represents mystery, as we do not know the contents of the building: â€Å"showed no window, nothing but a door†. The building is described as being â€Å"a certain sinister block† which suggests it looks evil. The atmosphere is unwelcoming around the door† as it has â€Å"neither bell nor knocker† which shows that Mr Hyde did not want any visitors. Most of the changes from Dr Jekyll into Mr Hyde take place in the laboratory. This is an odd setting to use, as it is a symbol of what could be the origin of evil. Stevenson insinuates this by the way he uses the butler (Poole) to say that it used to be a dissecting room - this is where many dead bodies will have been experimented on. Since the symbols of evil in this novella are Mr Hyde and his use of medicine this could also be the case as the potion that went wrong, and created and evil individual, was made here. When we later learn â€Å"the door† leads to a courtyard, which allows Mr Hyde into the laboratory this begins to feel strange, as we do not understand why Mr Hyde is going into Dr Jekyll’s grounds. Our next setting is at the murder of Sir Danvers Carew where - once again - there was fog, which hadShow MoreRelatedThe Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1052 Words   |  5 Pagescriticized in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Apart from being an exceptional Gothic work, Stevenson’s novella is an excellent critique of the hypocrisy that dominated the Victorian era. In his novella, Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Robert Louis Stevenson uses the characters of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde to expose the double standards and moral pretensions that governed Victorian society. Dr. Jekyll, the protagonist in Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and MrRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Where Dr. Jekyll 1163 Words   |  5 PagesBrodie and Dr. Knox were both from Edinburgh and both lived â€Å"double-lives†, this undoubtedly had a major impact upon Stevenson’s imagination and later his writings. (Stefan 5) â€Å"While growing up Stevenson had a friend and the son of Sir James Simpson, the developer of medical anesthesia, the two friends would â€Å"experiment† with chloroform, for the enjoyment of it.† (Stefan 5) This experimenting carries a familiarity with it that would later be found in the character of Dr. Jekyll in Stevenson’s novel,Read MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1675 Words   |  7 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Robert Louis Stevenson’s novella, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,† is a type of Gothic literature. In the beginning of the story when Stevenson is describing the lawyer, one â€Å"Mr. Utterson,† the mood is a bit dull. At first glance the reader may think that this story would be a bit boring and drab. Stevenson’s story is far from being another dull piece of British English literature. The setting and mood of this novella are more complexRead MoreRobert Louis Stevenson Influences1344 Words   |  6 PagesExternal Influences on Stevenson’s Writings â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson was a familiar title to me and prior to reading it I believed I was well versed about the story. I knew that Dr. Jekyll was an intelligent man who experimented with the idea of creating a more powerful version of him that would release his deepest inhibitions. In addition, I believed that the people of the town were not fully aware of Mr. Hyde, only that there was a monsterRead MoreThe Duality of Man in Literary Works and Critical Essays1580 Words   |  7 Pagesand laymen have been fascinated with the study since then. Robert Louis Stevenson is one of the more notable authors to write about dual personalities with his short story, â€Å"Markheim,† and the novella, †The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.† The latter of these two stories has inspired the study of multiple personalities more than any other work of fiction, and perhaps any work of nonfiction. According to Anne Stiles, â€Å"[Stevenson’s wife] traces her spouses’ interest in dual personality to aRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesRobert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novella that follows the basic outline established by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein. However, Stevenson’s monster is not created from body parts but comes from the dark s ide of the human personality. In both novels, a man conducts a secret experiment that gets out of control. The result of these experiments is the release of a double, or doppelganger, which causes damage to their creator. While most people think that The StrangeRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde : Literary Review1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: Literary Review The Romantic era was plagued with class conflict, poverty, and labor issues. The Victorian novel allows those who had access to them discover and focus on moral issues with society. Among the novel that were created during the era, the genre of a gothic novella emerged. Well knowns gothic novellas included Frankenstein, The Picture of Dorian Gray, and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Robert Stevenson’s gothic novella The StrangeRead MoreIdeas Of Good And Evil Follow From The Earliest Of Days.847 Words   |  4 Pagesfollow from the earliest of days. Robert Louis Stevenson’s parents lived devout in their Christianity, but Stevenson did not follow their ideas. G.B. Stern suggests that â€Å"Although he had rejected the Calvinist doctrines his parents taught him, the focus of the interplay of good and evil continued to influence his imagination† (Stern). Stevenson forced his parents away, but their ideas stayed in his thoughts and even affected The Stra nge Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. His past affected his writingRead More Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson2888 Words   |  12 PagesAnalysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson In an attempt to consider the duality tale, one narrative inevitably finds its way to the top of the heap as the supreme archetype: Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Immense disagreement permeates the pages of literary criticism relevant to the meaning of the story. Yet, for all of the wrangling focused on the psychology, morality, spirituality, and sociality of the story, itRead MoreComparing The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1599 Words   |  7 Pages‘The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde’ And ‘Frankenstein’ When comparing the similarities and differences between Mary Shelley’s story of ‘Frankenstein’ and Robert Louis Stevenson’s story of ‘The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde’, it was found that although the characters in both stories suffer an unhealthy obsession/addiction to their scientific work and even though both Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll had good intentions for their creations, the outcome of the Monster and Mr. Hyde were